Associations of Milk Yield, Lameness, and Digital Dermatitis with Claw and Foot Traits in Holstein Dairy Cows

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of lameness, milk yield, and digital dermatitis (DD) on claw and foot traits in Holstein dairy cows, with a focus on traits measured from the heel region. A total of 184 lactating cows from a single herd were categorized by DD status (DD+ or DD−) and, lameness score (LS), and milk yield. The results showed that cows with DD, particularly those with low milk yield, had significantly higher heel width and oblique heel length compared to high milk yield cows. In contrast, high milk yield cows without DD had higher axial heel height and heel angle measurements, indicating that high productivity independently contributes to claw stress. Furthermore, significant differences in pastern width were observed between low and high milk yield cows in DD+ groups, with low milk yield cows exhibiting more pronounced foot alterations. Lameness further exacerbated claw deformities, particularly in high milk yield cows with mild lameness (LS1). These findings emphasize the complex interplay between milk yield, DD, and lameness in influencing claw and foot traits, highlighting the need for early intervention and management strategies to prevent claw disorders and improve herd performance. The results also suggest that DD and lameness affect claw morphology differently depending on the productivity level of the cow, and that even mild lameness may lead to structural changes in claw traits. The significant alterations observed in heel region measurements suggest that this area may be a sensitive indicator of claw health, particularly in the presence of DD. As such, measuring claw traits from the heel region in the milking parlor may provide a practical, non-invasive approach to monitoring foot health. Future studies should explore the role of additional claw diseases and management practices in shaping claw health and welfare, particularly in the context of early detection, treatment strategies, and long-term prevention plans aimed at sustaining both productivity and animal well-being.