Large Animal Review

Effects of farm size and labour type on the welfare of dairy cattle according to the Welfare Quality® protocol

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

This study aimed to determine the welfare of 24 dairy cattle farms with the "Welfare Quality®" (WQ) protocol. Seven small-scale farms (6-25 dairy cattle), 8 medium-scale farms (26-100 dairy cattle), and 9 large-scale farms (101+ dairy cattle) were used to determine the effects of labour resources on animal welfare, farms were divided into 3 subgroups: i) Family farms (n: 11), ii) Family farms with hired workers (n: 7), and iii) Large enterprises with exclusively hired workers (n: 6). Farm size and labour-type had no effect on the four main principles and total WQ scores of farms (P>0.05). Study results indicated that, farm size and labour type have no significant effect on WQ principles and the total scores. All investigated farms were within the "acceptable" or "enhanced" welfare group according to the WQ protocol. However, family farms tend to have higher scores in some categories, indicating that having closer contact to animals helps for recognizing their needs.

It can be seen that housing conditions, managerial practises and the amount of labour per animal unit affect the welfare of the animals more than their operating capacity. The relatively small number of farms used in this study and the high variability between farms regarding the examined parameters were considered the most important limitations of the study. More detailed labour efficiency studies are needed to determine to what extent the welfare of animals are affected by the type and amount of labour.

Soybean Oil vs. Palm Oil Calcium Soap Supplementation: Effects on Milk Yield and Methane Emissions in High-Yielding Dairy Cows

2026-01-12T14:58:06+01:00

This observational field study evaluated the effects of dietary lipid supplementation with soybean oil and palm oil-based calcium soaps on milk yield, composition, in high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows under real-world commercial conditions representative of intensive European dairy systems. Conducted across four commercial dairy farms, the study assessed four distinct fat supplementation strategies: soybean oil (70 g/kg dry matter [DM]), and palm oil calcium soap at three inclusion levels (150, 210, and 250 g/kg DM). A total of 335 multiparous cows were followed throughout a full 305-day lactation period.

All cows were fed a basal total mixed ration (TMR) formulated in accordance with NRC (2001) guidelines, with fat supplementation incorporated into the concentrate. Milk yield was recorded daily, and samples were analyzed for fat, protein, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), somatic cell count (SCC), and detailed fatty acid (FA) profiles. Enteric methane emissions were estimated, not directly measured, using the IPCC Tier-2 model with methane conversion factors (Ym) adjusted for lactation status. This approach provides a practical estimation of environmental impact based on dry matter intake and energy conversion, though it does not capture animal-level variation.

Due to the study's observational design and lack of experimental replication—each farm applied a unique supplementation protocol—statistical comparisons were not conducted. Instead, results are presented descriptively and interpreted with caution, reflecting real-world variability in genetics, management, and environment.

Among the tested strategies, moderate supplementation with palm oil calcium soap (150 g/kg DM) achieved a favorable balance between productivity and environmental efficiency, showing intermediate milk yield and the lowest methane emission intensity per kilogram of milk. In contrast, higher levels of palm oil supplementation (210 and 250 g/kg DM) were associated with increased milk yield and fat content, but also higher methane emissions. The soybean oil group exhibited the lowest milk yield but similar methane intensity to the 150 g/kg palm oil group, indicating potential for environmental sustainability despite lower productivity.

Fatty acid analysis revealed that increasing palm oil supplementation led to a higher proportion of saturated and trans fatty acids, while moderate levels favored a more balanced FA profile. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis showed clear associations between milk yield, milk fat, trans FA, and methane intensity, suggesting that the type and level of fat supplementation can influence both productive and environmental parameters.

While causal inference is limited, the findings provide practical insights into climate-smart nutritional strategies applicable to commercial dairy systems. Further controlled trials are warranted to validate these associations and optimize fat supplementation protocols for both productivity and environmental sustainability.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF OZONIZED OLIVE OIL FOR THE TREATMENT OF NATURALLY OCCURRING ACUTE CLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY COWS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Antimicrobial resistance is a critical concern in livestock health, necessitating alternative therapies to reduce antibiotic use, especially for non-severe bovine mastitis. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of ozonized extra virgin olive oil as a potential alternative treatment for acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. In vitro analyses assessed its safety regarding skin irritation, barrier properties, and antimicrobial activity. In vivo, 40 lactating Friesian cows with mastitis were divided into two groups: one treated with ozonized olive oil and the other with a cefapirin/prednisolone-based suspension. The oil was non-irritating and showed notable protective effects, though no direct antimicrobial activity was observed. Clinically, 80% of cows treated with ozonized olive oil achieved symptom remission, while 100% of those receiving antibiotics improved. Somatic cell counts (SCC) decreased in both groups, with a faster reduction in the antibiotic group. Four cows treated with ozonized olive oil required subsequent antibiotic therapy. The findings suggest ozonized olive oil as a promising, non-antibiotic option for managing mild to moderate mastitis, potentially reducing unnecessary antibiotic use. However, antibiotics remain necessary for severe cases or those involving systemic infection. This approach could support more sustainable dairy farming practices while addressing public health concerns about antibiotic resistance.

Subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle: a pilot study on the efficacy of near-infrared Multiwave-locked system laser (MLS®) therapy.

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Mastitis is a significant challenge in dairy farming, traditionally managed with antibiotics. However, the widespread use of antibiotics has raised concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and animal welfare. As a result, alternative treatments such as laser therapy have gained increasing attention. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of near-infrared (NIR) Multiwave Locked System (MLS^®) laser therapy in the treatment of Chronic Subclinical Mastitis (CSM) (Trial 1) and Acute Subclinical Mastitis (ASM) (Trial 2) in dairy cows.

Cows were randomly assigned to either the control or treatment groups, with the treatment group receiving MLS^® laser therapy over a two-week period. Milk samples were analyzed for Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Differential Somatic Cell Count (DSCC), lactose, and fatty acid profiles at multiple time points (day 0, 7, 14 and 21 after the treatment).

In CSM cases, laser therapy showed a trend towards reduced SCC compared to controls, with significant differences in De Novo fatty acids suggesting improvements in udder health. However, lactose reduction in the control group indicated ongoing inflammation, potentially exacerbated by environmental stressors. In ASM cases, significant decreases in DSCC were observed post-treatment, suggesting a potential benefit of laser therapy in managing acute inflammatory responses.

While the study’s small sample size and short follow-up limit the generalizability of the findings, the results suggest that MLS^® laser therapy may be an effective alternative treatment for managing both chronic and acute subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are necessary to confirm these results and assess the long-term efficacy of laser therapy in mastitis management.

The Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305-day milk yield in dairy cattle populations in Türkiye

2026-01-09T12:54:36+01:00

The primary goal of breeding organisations focused on sustainable and profitable milk production is to improve milk yield traits in dairy cattle. For this reason, the dairy industry has prioritised improving the genetics of dairy cattle to increase milk yield. The objective of this study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for 305-day milk yield (305-dMY), and to determine the effects of environment (calving season)- and animal-based factors (breed and parity) on 305-dMY in Simmental, Holstein, and Brown Swiss cows. The data set consisted of 19,454 records of 305-dMY obtained from 10,282 lactating Simmental, Holstein and Brown Swiss cows and 1,045 sires collected by the Cattle Breeders Association, between 2004 and 2018 in Kastamonu, Turkey. A mixed ANOVA model was used to determine the effect of breed, parity, calving season and farms on the 305-day MY of cows. The model included three fixed effects: breed, parity and calving season and a random effect: farms. Variance components and breeding values were estimated in a Bayesian JWAS framework, using the conventional model within a Bayesian setting. Genetic parameter estimates were derived from the posterior distributions of the effects, obtained from an MCMC run of 50,000 iterations with a first 5,000-iteration burn-in. The results indicated that 305-dMY was significantly affected by breed, parity, and calving season (P<0.001). The highest 305-day milk yield in Holstein cows was determined to be 5264.16±25.77 kg. The 305-dMY of cows calving in winter was higher than in other seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The mean inbreeding coefficient was found to be 0.091. The estimates of heritability for Simmental, Holstein, and Brown Swiss were 0.061, 0.208 and 0.129, respectively. The genetic trend for estimates of breeding values (EBVs) of 305-dMY was found to be 5.62 kg/year. The repeatability estimates for Simmental, Holstein and Brown Swiss were observed as 0.100, 0.277 and 0.199, respectively. The results indicate that the moderate heritability and repeatability estimate for 305-dMY, suggest that genetic gain can be obtained for these traits through genetic selection of Holstein cows. However, improving the performance traits of Simmental and Brown Swiss cows could be obtained through improving management conditions.

Fertility challenges in dairy cows with purulent vaginal discharge: Implications for reproductive efficiency

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Reproductive tract inflammatory diseases are major contributors to infertility in dairy cows, with purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) being a significant uterine disorder affecting both milk production and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PVD on key reproductive performance parameters in Algerian dairy farming conditions. The study analyzed several parameters: conception rates at first service, conception rates at 150 DIM, interval days to first service, interval days to fertilization and services per conception. PVD diagnosis and fertility data were collected from 78 dairy cows (36 healthy and 42 diagnosed with PVD) using vaginoscopy at 21-38 days in milk (DIM). While there was no significant difference in conception rates at first service between the two groups, cows with PVD had a reduced conception rate at 150 DIM (42.9% vs. 75%). Additionally, PVD-affected cows exhibited a longer interval to first service (77.62 ± 20.00 vs. 59.94 ± 11.64) and required more days to fertilization (76.21 ± 17.74 vs. 97.71 ± 34.69). Services per conception was significantly higher in PVD-affected cows compared to healthy cows (2.83 ± 0.86 vs 1.75 ± 0.69). These findings shed light on the detrimental effects of PVD on reproductive performance, underscoring the need for improved herd management practices, adequate prevention and effective treatments to mitigate its impact.

Associations of Milk Yield, Lameness, and Digital Dermatitis with Claw and Foot Traits in Holstein Dairy Cows

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

This study investigated the effects of lameness, milk yield, and digital dermatitis (DD) on claw and foot traits in Holstein dairy cows, with a focus on traits measured from the heel region. A total of 184 lactating cows from a single herd were categorized by DD status (DD+ or DD−) and, lameness score (LS), and milk yield. The results showed that cows with DD, particularly those with low milk yield, had significantly higher heel width and oblique heel length compared to high milk yield cows. In contrast, high milk yield cows without DD had higher axial heel height and heel angle measurements, indicating that high productivity independently contributes to claw stress. Furthermore, significant differences in pastern width were observed between low and high milk yield cows in DD+ groups, with low milk yield cows exhibiting more pronounced foot alterations. Lameness further exacerbated claw deformities, particularly in high milk yield cows with mild lameness (LS1). These findings emphasize the complex interplay between milk yield, DD, and lameness in influencing claw and foot traits, highlighting the need for early intervention and management strategies to prevent claw disorders and improve herd performance. The results also suggest that DD and lameness affect claw morphology differently depending on the productivity level of the cow, and that even mild lameness may lead to structural changes in claw traits. The significant alterations observed in heel region measurements suggest that this area may be a sensitive indicator of claw health, particularly in the presence of DD. As such, measuring claw traits from the heel region in the milking parlor may provide a practical, non-invasive approach to monitoring foot health. Future studies should explore the role of additional claw diseases and management practices in shaping claw health and welfare, particularly in the context of early detection, treatment strategies, and long-term prevention plans aimed at sustaining both productivity and animal well-being.

PRESURGICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF OMASUM IN BOVINES SUFFERING FROM FOREIGN BODY SYNDROME AND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN COMPARISON TO APPARENTLY HEALTHY BOVINES

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

This study involved 6 apparently healthy bovines (4 buffaloes and 2 cattle) and 50 clinical cases (43 buffaloes and 7 cattle) diagnosed with foreign body syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia. The objective of this study was to assess the anatomical positioning of the omasum using ultrasonography. Ultrasonography was conducted on standing animals secured in a travis, without sedation. The lateral side of the right thoracoabdominal wall (6^th to 12^thICS) was shaved and cleaned with water. Omasum was examined with a 2.5–5.0 MHz convex transducer after applying transmission gel. Various measurements were recorded, including the distance from dorsal spine to dorsal most part of the omasum, the point of elbow to cranial most part of the omasum and the distance from last rib to caudal most part of omasum. Additional observations included the distance from the ventral midline to ventral border of omasum, the omasum’s dorsoventral and craniocaudal dimensions, wall thickness, visibility of omasal leaves, and any omasal motility. Ultrasonographic finding were correlated with intraoperative observations in bovines diagnosed with foreign body syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia. The statistical significant difference was not seen in mean distance from dorsal to ventral wall and from cranial to caudal wall of omasum among the three groups. A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean distance from the cranial wall of the omasum to the point of the elbow and from the caudal wall of the omasum to the last rib in bovines affected with diaphragmatic hernia compared to apparently healthy bovines and those affected by foreign body syndrome. These findings suggested that ultrasonographic evaluation relative to anatomical landmarks offers a reliable approach for assessing the omasum's size and positioning in bovines affected by foreign body syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia.While omasal size remained consistent across apparently healthy bovine, affected bovines with foreign body syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia. The location of omasum is seen cranially in cases with diaphragmatic hernia compared to both apparently healthy bovines and those suffering from with foreign body syndrome.

EVALUATION OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BEEF CATTLE SUFFERING NATURAL UREA POISONING

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Urea poisoning is one of the leading causes of accidental poisoning in cattle herds. The presented study aimed to evaluate the clinical and biochemical findings of natural urea poisoning in Angus heifers.

Symptoms such as labored breathing, ataxia and spasms were observed in 4 animals in the 2 paddocks where the first feed was poured. Urea poisoning was suspected, serum and plasma samples were obtained from 4 sick animals(group GU) and 4 healthy animals located in different paddocks that had not yet consumed feed (group GC). Blood ammonia, albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase(AST), Copper(Cu), β-Hydroxybutyric acid(BHBA), Blood urea nitrogen(BUN), Phosphorus, Gamma-glutamyltransferase(GGT), Glutamate dehydrogenase(GLDH), Glucose, Calcium(Ca), cholesterol, Magnesium(Mg), Non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA), Total Protein(TP) and Triglyceride(TG) analyzes were performed.

Although urea has been added to the ration at a dose of 30 g/animal for a long time, when it was investigated why poisoning was encountered, it was determined that the urea sacks got wet and the urea turned into stone and was not homogenized in the TMR. Rumen pH was determined to be above 8.5 in all poisoned animals. A difference was determined in average ammonia (GU=456 µmol/l; GC= 272 µmol/l), AST (GU=2.31 µkat/l; GC=1.26 µkat/l), Phosphorus (GU=7.6 mg/dl; GC=5.6 mg/dl), BUN (GU=30 mg/dl; GC= 26 mg/dl) and Triglyceride (GU=45.2mg/dl; GC=14.6 mg/dl) levels in the GU and GC groups.

Parameters such as AST, Phosphorus, Triglyceride and BUN, which do not require specific laboratory and sample storage requirements, such as ammonia, can be used to support the diagnosis of urea poisoning, which is frequently encountered in cattle herds.

In vitro evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans efficacy at varying chlamydospores doses and gastro-intestinal strongyle eggs counts in sheep faeces.

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Nematophagous fungi represent an interesting biological alternative to conventional methods. Among the various species, Duddingtonia flagrans stands out for its ability to pass through the gastrointestinal tract unchanged. The number of chlamydospores required for the fungus to be effective in the presence of varying concentrations of gastrointestinal strongyle (GIS) eggs is largely unknown and remains a topic of discussion. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the efficacy of D. flagrans in the faeces of naturally infected sheep by analyzing different concentrations of chlamydospores and varying levels of GIS egg counts. Fresh faeces from naturally infested sheep were collected in a farm in Central Italy. Based on fecal egg count, three batches of 150, 450 and 900 eggs per gram of feces (upg) were prepared. Each batch was divided into five groups. Four groups were inoculated with 1 ml of D. flagrans chlamydospore suspension containing 1000, 3000, 6250 or 11000 chlamydospores per gram (cpg), respectively. The fifth group served as a control, receiving 1 ml of distilled water. The cultures were incubated for 14 days at 24 °C. Each test was repeated three times for each group. Infecting larvae (L3) were recovered, counted and morphologically identified. The efficacy of D. flagrans, increasing with higher concentration of chlamydospore, ranging from 49.35 to 84.25% in the 150 epg groups; 40.97% to 87.47% in the 450 epg groups and 38.03% to 70,87% in the 900 epg groups. For all epg levels, the Kruskall-Wallis test showed significant differences (p-value <0.05), indicating that at least one treatment group had significantly different reduction of larvae compared to the others. Based on these results, D. flagrans appears to require a minimum concentration of chlamydospores in the faeces to exert a significant larvicidal effect. Conversely, the number of GIS eggs in the feces does not appear to be a determining factor for the fungal efficacy.

Effect of weaning age on the milk yield and the lamb's growth and blood parameters in the Bafra sheep

2026-01-09T09:57:39+01:00

This study was conducted to determine the effect of weaning age (45 days vs. 90 days) on the lamb's growth, blood parameters and milk yield in the Bafra sheep. The study included 40 lactating Bafra ewes and 48 lambs (21 females and 27 males) born from them. The lambs were divided into two groups, 23 lambs weaned at day 45 (45D) and 25 lambs weaned at day 90 (90D). The lambs were equally divided between the 45D and 90D groups according to birth weight, sex, birth type, maternal age and sire. Live weights and body measurements of lambs were recorded at birth and on days 30, 42, 60, 90, 120, and 205. Blood plasma cortisol, glucose, total concentration and urea levels of the lambs were determined at 42 days of age (before weaning of lambs) and 47 days of age (2 days after weaning of 45D lambs; before weaning of 90D lambs). Bafra sheep were subjected to monthly milk controls. Lactation length, daily milk yield and lactation milk yield of the sheep were determined. Differences in body measurements and live weights between 45D and 90D lambs on the 90th day were found to be statistically significant, and these differences decreased in the following period (120th day and 205th day). The study concluded that early weaning had no negative effect on lamb live weight and body development. Differences in blood plasma cortisol, glucose, total cholesterol and urea levels on day 2 (at 47 days of age) of weaning between 45D and 90D lambs were not found to be statistically significant. Lactation milk yield of ewes was 113.3 kg, lactation length was 98.5 days and daily milk yield was 1.1 kg. The survival rate of lambs from weaning at 45 days to 205 days of age was found to be 100%. According to these results, weaning at 45 days did not have a negative effect on lamb survival. It was concluded that more careful care and feeding of lambs and the evaluation of sheep milk could contribute more to the farm economy.

The Serum biochemical parameters, and liver enzyme activity of ewes on the day of parturition and of their newborn lambs in response to selenium supplementation during late pregnancy

2026-01-09T09:57:39+01:00

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) during late gestation on critical biochemical parameters, liver enzyme activity, and thyroid hormone status in periparturient ewes and their newborn lambs, hypothesising that SeY would mitigate the metabolic and oxidative stress characteristic of this period. Eighteen pregnant ewes (n=18) were equally and randomly allocated to one of three daily supplementation groups: a Control group (C) receiving 0 mg Se/kg Dry Matter (DM), a low-dose SeY group (T1) receiving 1.0 mg Se/kg DM, and a high-dose SeY group (T2) receiving 2.0 mg Se/kg DM. Blood samples were collected from the ewes on the day of parturition and from their newborn lambs during the first week of age. Serum was subsequently analysed for concentrations of total protein, urea, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine, and the activity of the hepatic enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The results demonstrated a significant, dose-dependent metabolic improvement in supplemented ewes: serum total protein and urea concentrations were notably higher in both T1 and T2 groups compared to the Control group (P < 0.05), indicating enhanced protein utilization. Conversely, markers of potential stress or impaired lipid metabolism specifically total cholesterol, LDL, and creatinine were significantly higher in Control ewes than in both SeY-supplemented groups. Furthermore, the elevated activity of AST and ALT enzymes recorded in Control ewes was significantly reduced in the T1 and T2 groups, suggesting effective hepatoprotection conferred by SeY. Crucially, these maternal benefits were conferred to the offspring: lambs born to Control ewes exhibited higher concentrations of cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and creatinine, along with significantly greater AST and ALT enzyme activities, compared to lambs from SeY-supplemented ewes. In conclusion, dietary SeY supplementation during late pregnant ewes successfully regulated maternal protein and lipid metabolism, reduced indicators of hepatic stress in the dam, and effectively transferred protective effects, resulting in improved metabolic and hepatic health profiles in newborn lambs. These results confirm the clinical value of SeY during late gestation to optimize the peripartum health trajectory for both the ewes and their offspring.

Effect of feeding corn stalks and sugar beet waste silage on sheep milk yield and lamb survival

2026-01-09T12:47:44+01:00

In this study, corn stalk (CS) and sugar beet head and leaf (SBHL) silage were used to determine the effect of increasing milk yield on lambs' survival and end of fattening weight in sheep with multiple births. In the study, 17 Bafra sheep with multiple births and 38 lambs obtained from these sheep were used as animal material. The study was divided into two groups as experimental group (EG) and control group (C). The milk yields of the EG group were 293.00 g, 345.00 g and 576.39 g for the 5th, 35th and 65th days and the milk yield of the control group were 276.31 g, 236.38 g and 223.13 g for the 5th, 35th and 65th days. No statistically significant difference was found in milk yields between the EG and C groups of sheep on the 5th and 35th days, but a statistically significant difference was found in milk yields on the 65th day. Sheep weights were weighed at the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 10th, 11th and 12th weeks and sheep weights were higher in EG than in C. There was a statistical difference between EG and C in terms of roughage consumption, incremental feed amount and net amount of roughage + concentrate consumed. The birth weights of the lambs were 3.25 kg and 2.80 kg for EG and C groups, and the average live weights at the end of the study were 17.71 kg and 12.40 kg for EG and C groups. Lamb survival rates between the EG and C groups were 95.0% and 83.3%, and mortality rates were 5% and 16.7%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of lamb survival and mortality rates. In conclusion; feeding of sheep with CS + SBHL silage after parturition increased milk yield, sheep weights, lamb live weights and lamb survival rate in Bafra sheep with multiple births.

Evaluating Broiler Chickens’ Acceptance of Dried Hermetia illucens Larvae as an Alternative Feed Ingredient

2026-01-09T09:57:39+01:00

The current study was conducted to assess the acceptability of dried Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae by broiler chickens. One hundred fifty chickens, 75 from the control group, fed with a free-BSF larvae meal diet, and 75 from the experimental group, fed with a diet containing BSF larvae meal, were used to evaluate their preference for dried BSF larvae offered with corn and compound feed twice daily ( at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.) for 30 minutes during 20 days, from the age of 16 to 35 days, the slaughter age. During the first week of the trial, broilers, both from the control and experimental group, acted as if they were discovering this feed; they only picked it for a few seconds without ingesting it, and moved frequently to corn or the compound feed, more rarely. After one-week adaptation period, the chickens showed higher larval consumption, especially in the morning. The average amount of dried larvae consumed by the experimental group at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. and by the control group at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. was 137.42 g, 105.58 g, 131.37 g, and 106.00 g, respectively. While there were no significant differences in the amount of dried BSF consumed between the control and the experimental group. There was no significant difference in the quantities of larvae consumed between the control and experimental groups, indicating that the inclusion of larvae meal in the compound feed did not influence the acceptability of dried larvae. However, in both the control and experimental groups, chickens consumed more larvae during the 9 a.m. feeding compared to the 3 p.m. These findings suggest that dried BSF larvae, a viable and sustainable alternative protein source, are well accepted and may promote animal health through the improvement of litter quality when distributed on the litter, and welfare by allowing chickens to express their natural foraging behavior.

Machine learning modeling for environmental factors affecting horse racing

2026-01-09T09:57:39+01:00

This study examines the impact of environmental factors on horse racing performance using machine learning techniques, offering insights into how climate and track conditions affect race outcomes. Horse racing is significantly influenced by external conditions, with variables such as temperature, humidity, track surfaces, and wind patterns playing crucial roles. By analyzing historical race data, this research helps trainers, bettors, and race organizers understand these factors. Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, and AdaBoost were employed to model race performance, with SVM achieving the highest accuracy. Unlike other sports where athletes control their environment, racehorses must adapt to external conditions. Traditional statistical methods often fail to capture the complex relationships between these factors. Machine learning, however, can identify nonlinear patterns in data and provide a more dynamic approach to analyzing race performance. The study finds that temperature, humidity, wind, and track conditions are key influences. Moderate temperatures (10-21°C) are ideal for optimal performance, while extreme heat causes fatigue and cold leads to stiffness. Higher humidity adds stress, and wind patterns can either hinder or assist a horse’s speed. Track surfaces, including dirt, turf, and synthetic, also affect a horse's grip and stability, with wet conditions slowing horses down. The study's findings contribute to a data-driven approach in horse racing, allowing trainers to adjust strategies based on evidence. Ultimately, this research demonstrates how machine learning can revolutionize horse racing, offering more precise predictions, improved strategies, and a focus on equine welfare in response to environmental challenges.

Effects of induced cold stress on eggs during incubation on hatchability, incubation time, and chick quality

2026-01-09T09:57:39+01:00

The incubation environment, temperature in particular, is a key determining factor influencing embryonic development, hatchability and chick quality in broiler production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of induced cold stress during the endothermic and exothermic phases of incubation on egg weight loss, incubation duration, hatchability, and day-old chick quality. The objective was to determine whether short and controlled reductions in incubation temperature could improve chick quality without negatively affecting hatching success or incubation time.

In total, 1350 fertile eggs from broiler breeders aged 45 and 46 weeks, representing the peak laying period, were used. Eggs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. The control group was incubated at standard commercial incubation temperature throughout the incubation period. The first experimental group (E1) was exposed to a cold stress of 25–26 °C for 3 hours starting on day 6 of incubation, from the endothermic phase, until day 18. The second experimental group (E2) was subjected to the same cold treatment beginning on day 14 of incubation, corresponding to the exothermic phase, until day 18. Egg weight loss, incubation time, hatchability, and chick quality at hatch were evaluated. Chick quality was assessed using the Tona scoring system.

Exposure to intermittent cold stress significantly reduced egg weight loss compared with the control group. The average egg weight loss was 10.86% in E1 and 10.99% in E2, while the control group recorded 11.27%. Chick body weight at hatch improved in both experimental groups, with average weights of 62.8 g in the control group, 68.25 g in E1, and 65.9 g in E2. Chick quality scores also improved following cold treatment. The proportion of chicks achieving the maximum Tona quality score was highest in E2 (39.6%), followed by E1 (35.4%) and the control (33.3%). In contrast, hatchability and incubation duration were not affected by the cold exposure, indicating that this controlled cooling procedure did not impair overall incubation performance.

These findings demonstrate that short-term cooling applied at specific phases of incubation, particularly during the exothermic phase, can enhance chick quality and body weight at hatch without affecting hatchability or incubation duration. Given the link between day-old chick quality and later performance, controlled cooling may represent a valuable strategy to optimize incubation practices.

Comparison of Pregnancy Specific Protein - B in Abortive and Pregnant Ewes

2026-01-09T09:57:39+01:00

This study aimed to investigate serum Pregnancy-Specific Protein B (PSPB) levels in pregnant and aborting ewes to evaluate its potential as a biomarker for pregnancy health and pregnancy loss in small ruminants. Additionally, the study examined whether PSPB concentrations differ in ewes that experienced abortion due to various bacterial agents (Brucella spp., Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp.). A total of 88 Akkaraman ewes were included in the study, comprising 29 pregnant and 59 aborting animals. The causes of abortion were confirmed microbiologically, and blood samples were collected from pregnant ewes on gestational days 28–30, and from aborting ewes approximately 10 days post-abortion. Serum PSPB levels were measured using a sheep-specific Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA test were used to evaluate the data. PSPB concentrations in pregnant ewes (19.13 ± 2.36 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in aborting ewes (13.50 ± 0.66 ng/mL). Among aborting ewes, mean PSPB levels were 13.81 ± 1.40 ng/mL for Salmonella spp., 13.82 ± 2.17 ng/mL for Campylobacter spp., and 14.61 ± 1.60 ng/mL for Brucella spp.; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between the bacterial agents. The reduction in PSPB concentrations following abortion supports previous studies indicating that low PSPB or Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) levels are associated with embryonic or fetal loss. These findings demonstrate that PSPB, which enters the maternal circulation around day 21 of gestation, is a reliable marker not only for pregnancy detection but also for predicting pregnancy loss. The lack of variation in PSPB levels according to the type of bacterial infection highlights its direct value in assessing abortion events. Overall, the results suggest that PSPB has potential as a standard biomarker for monitoring pregnancy health and the early detection of pregnancy loss in sheep. Advanced studies involving larger sample sizes and longitudinal monitoring are warranted to further validate the accuracy and reliability of PSPB in clinical applications.

Ichthyosis in Cattle: Clinical, Pathological and Management Insights

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

In this descriptive review we aimed to provide succinct yet comprehensive overview of ichthyosis (IT) in cattle, focusing on clinicopathological presentations, genetic aetiology, and potential management strategies.

IT is an inherited disorder characterised by excessive keratinization and scaling of the skin. Two major forms with known causal variant have been identified in bovine species: Ichthyosis Fetalis (IF) and Ichthyosis Congenita (IC).

IF is widely recognised as the most severe form, associated with foetal death, stillbirth or death in the first days of life. IF is autosomal recessively inherited, with clinicopathological characteristics of hyperkeratosis, scaling of the epidermis, alopecia, eclabium, ectropion and microtia. The ABCA12 gene has been associated with IF in Chianina, Shorthorn, and Polled Hereford breeds. The frequency of the IF allele has been estimated at 3.8% in the Shorthorn population and less than 3% in the Chianina population

IC is a less severe form of IT, observed in different breeds. In Scottish Highland cattle the IC presents clinicopathological characteristics which includes hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, diffuse alopecia, and keratoconjunctivitis. These manifestations are associated with a recessively inherited missense variant in the DSP gene. Similar clinicopathological findings are present also in the Italian Chianina cattle. In addition, Chianina IC-affected animals can also show cystitis and urolithiasis. In this breed IC is caused by a recessively inherited variant in the FA2H gene with an allelic frequency of 7.7%.

Foetal and calf mortality, stillbirth and euthanasia of severely affected animals may have significant economic and welfare impact. Additionally, complications such as dystocia and secondary skin infections (e.g. pyodermitis) also in milder forms may adversely affect longevity, productivity and health. Additional economic damage are due to the compromised quality of the leather products also in the cases of mild disease of IC. So far, no specific treatments are available for both IT, being symptomatic dermatological treatments the only one possible.

Genetic testing and selective breeding programmes are the best strategies for facing with recessively inherited disorders like IT.

TAIL ABSENCE AND MICROPHTALMIA ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE I ATRESIA ANI IN A CALF: A CASE REPORT

2026-01-09T15:32:30+01:00

Multiple congenital anomalies in calves generally have poor prognosis, with most cases resulting in death. However, there are insufficient data in the literature regarding this subject. This case report aimed to evaluate a calf that presented with a combination of rare congenital anomalies, specifically atresia ani, microphthalmia, and tail absence. The study material consisted of a one-day-old Simmental calf presented to our hospital with the complaint of the absence of an anal opening. On the basis of clinical and radiographic evaluations, the patient was classified as having type 1 atresia ani. Moreover, further congenital anomalies were detected, including microphthalmia in the left eye and absence of the tail. Since the general condition of the calf was stable, surgical correction of the atresia ani was performed, and postoperative defecation was observed. No treatment was applied for any other anomalies. During the postoperative follow-up, the calf's general condition was determined to be good, and no complications developed. In conclusion, as demonstrated in this case, although the prognosis is generally reported to be poor for calves with multiple congenital anomalies, positive outcomes can be achieved with appropriate surgical intervention and a stable general condition. This case report provides valuable information that could serve as a reference for veterinarians working in this field.

Post parturient hemoglobinuria in a flock of Akkaraman sheep

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Postpartum hemoglobinuria (PPH) is a rare but potentially serious metabolic disorder in small ruminants, and cases in sheep are rarely reported. This case report describes an outbreak of PPH associated with hypophosphatemia in a flock of meat-producing ewes. The case involved a 4-year-old Akkaraman ewe that developed reddish urine, weakness, anorexia, and mild dehydration several weeks after lambing. A review of the herd’s history revealed that multiple ewes, particularly those that had produced triplets, had exhibited similar clinical signs, and several had died in the preceding days. The diet was found to be insufficient in terms of mineral content, and signs of pica were noted in the flock, suggesting a chronic imbalance in the diet's mineral content. Diagnostic evaluation included physical examination, hematology, biochemistry, blood smear analysis, and urine testing. Hypophosphatemia along with decreased calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels was detected. Hemoglobinuria was confirmed through urine centrifugation and an ammonium sulphate precipitation test, and other potential causes of pigmenturia were excluded based on clinical and laboratory findings. Together, these findings supported a diagnosis of PPH secondary to dietary phosphorus deficiency. There was no evidence of parasitic or infectious hemolytic disease. Treatment consisted of intramuscular phosphorus supplementation, subcutaneous calcium and magnesium preparations, and supportive therapy. All affected animals responded positively, with complete clinical recovery observed after five days of treatment. A vitamin and mineral supplement was subsequently added to the animals diet to prevent recurrence, and no new cases were reported during the subsequent one-year follow-up period. This case demonstrates that PPH, although rare in sheep, can pose a significant health challenge to flocks with inadequate nutrition. Even moderate reductions in serum phosphorus may predispose susceptible animals to hemolysis, underscoring the variability in individual tolerance. The present report highlights the importance of balanced dietary mineral intake, proper postpartum monitoring, and early therapeutic intervention to prevent losses associated with PPH in sheep.

Atrial septum defect in a pygmy goat: a case report

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Congenital heart defects represent developmental anomalies that cause significant anatomical and functional alterations in the heart’s structure present at birth. Among these defects, atrial septal defect (ASD) is characterized by an abnormal communication between the right and left atria, typically caused by persistence of the foramen ovale or by an incompletely developed interatrial septum. This structural defect results in a moderate volume overload on the right side of the heart, leading to increased pressure and dilation of the right atrium and ventricle. A 3-day-old Pygmy goat neonate weighing 1.5 kg was admitted to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) presenting with marked apathy, absence of the sucking reflex, permanent lateral recumbency, pale mucous membranes, tachycardia with irregular rhythm, and tachypnea, and a soft systolic murmur most evidente over the right cardiac apex, indicating severe systemic and cardiovascular compromise. Supportive treatment was promptly initiated, including parenteral fluid therapy with isotonic Ringer’s lactate solution combined with 50% glucose to address dehydration and hypoglycemia, as well as enteral nutrition administered via a nasogastric tube to ensure adequate caloric intake. Despite intensive medical care and supportive measures, the neonate showed rapid clinical worsening and died seven hours after the onset of treatment. Necropsy examination revealed a globular and enlarged heart, with marked dilation of the right ventricle, presence of a large intracardiac thrombus obstructing the right ventricular outflow tract, and a wide communication between the atria through a persistent foramen ovale (a form of ostium secundum-type ASD). Based on the clinical history, physical examination findings, and necropsy results, a definitive diagnosis of congestive heart failure secondary to ostium secundum atrial septal defect was established. Considering that treatment of congenital cardiac diseases in small ruminants is often economically unfeasible, and given the hereditary nature of this condition, culling of affected animals from the breeding population is generally recommended. The ostium secundum-type ASD in neonate pygmy goats may progress rapidly to congestive heart failure, particularly when complicated by intracardiac thrombosis, and underscores that, despite prompt clinical intervention, necropsy remains essential for definitive diagnosis and for guiding breeding decisions aimed at preventing hereditary cardiac defects.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Dorper Sheep: Case Report

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a rare condition in sheep, characterized by insulin deficiency and consequent hyperglycemia. This report describes a 3-year-old, 57 kg, male Dorper sheep presenting with progressive weight loss, hyporexia, polyuria and jaundice. The diagnosis of DM was confirmed through a glucose tolerance test. Insulin treatment proved challenging in terms of both economic viability and management, leading to the euthanasia of the animal. Necropsy revealed multifocal granulomatous inflammation in the pancreas and the presence of trematode eggs compatible with Eurytrema spp. within the pancreatic ducts. Although no direct causal relationship could be established, these findings suggest a potential link between parasitic lesions and pancreatic endocrine dysfunction. This case emphasizes the diagnostic value of the glycemic curve, the complexity of managing Diabetes Mellitus in production animals, and highlights the importance of further studies on pancreatic parasitoses in small ruminants.

Field bilateral standing forelimb deep digital flexor tendon tenotomy for management of a case of chronic laminitis of two years duration

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Laminitis is a common cause of lameness in horses, often debilitating, which consists of disruption of the lamellar tissue that suspends the distal phalanx within the hoof capsule. The goal of treatment of laminitis are to alleviate the intense pain in both refractory acute and chronic conditions, and also to prevent displacement of P3, and to reestablish the functional relationship between the P3 and the hoof wall. Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) tenotomy is considered a salvage procedure when all routine treatments fail. This report describes a case of a 13-year-old Lipizzan mare presenting with chronic laminitis of two years duration, managed with continuous administration of NSAIDs, that consequently developed also enteropathy and nephropathy.

The mare underwent bilateral standing DDFT tenotomy in the field, with a mid-metacarpal approach, which improved movement and allowed suspension of NSAIDs administration and farriery interventions, which were impossible to execute before.

At 18 months follow-up the horse is still alive and freely moving at all gates, and is capable of laying down and standing easily.

This case report supports the previously introduced concepts that DDFT tenotomy can improve the quality of life in chronic laminitic horses, and also that the procedure is safely applicable in field conditions.

High-power Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Conservative Management of Two Severe Equine Distal Limb Injuries

2026-01-09T09:57:38+01:00

Distal limb injuries in horses often carry a guarded prognosis due to the frequent involvement of critical anatomical structures such as tendons, synovial sheaths, and hoof capsule. When surgical repair is not feasible because of financial, anatomical, or prognostic constraints, conservative protocols incorporating adjunctive therapies may represent a valuable alternative. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has recently gained attention as a potential adjunct to support tendon repair and wound healing.

This report describes conservative management of two equine patients with severe distal limb trauma, both treated with a multimodal protocol that included high-power PBMT. The first case was a 7-year-old sport horse with complete laceration of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and contamination of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Surgical repair was declined, and the horse received systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, regional limb perfusion, external immobilization, and 30 PBMT sessions over 123 days. The second case was a 5-year-old pony mare with traumatic medial hoof wall avulsion and exposure of the distal phalanx. Management consisted of wound debridement, systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, stall rest, and 35 consecutive daily PBMT sessions.

Both patients showed progressive wound healing without infection, dehiscence, or exuberant granulation tissue. In Case 1, sequential ultrasonography revealed tendon reorganization and healing of the digital flexor tendons, with complete wound closure after approximately two months and return to paddock activity after 12 weeks. In Case 2, wound contraction occurred at an average rate of approximately 1 cm per week during PBMT, with a marked deceleration after discontinuation of laser therapy; complete epithelialization was achieved by day 80. Hair regrowth occurred exclusively in PBMT-treated areas.

These two clinical cases illustrate that high-power PBMT, when combined with standard conservative measures, may support wound healing, tendon repair, and functional recovery in equine distal limb injuries where surgery is not feasible. Although limited by the small number of cases and absence of control, the consistent clinical course and temporal association with PBMT support the potential value of this modality as an adjunctive therapy. Further controlled clinical investigations are warranted to validate these findings and to establish standardized protocols for different equine soft tissue injuries.